Site icon EXpert in Medical

Geographic inequalities, and social-demographic determinants of reproductive, maternal and child health at sub-national levels in Kenya | BMC Public Health

Geographic inequalities, and social-demographic determinants of reproductive, maternal and child health at sub-national levels in Kenya | BMC Public Health
  • United Nations Human Rights Council. Preventable maternal mortality and morbidity and human rights. 2009. Accessed 30 Sep 2022.

  • United Nations. Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health. 2010. Accessed 30 Sep 2022.

  • Rosenfield A, Min CJ, Freedman LP. Making motherhood safe in developing countries. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(14):1395–7.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. Maternal Mortality Regional Factsheet. [Online] Available from: Accessed 15 Jan 2024.

  • World Health Organization. Under-Five Mortality Rate (Probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births). https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/under-five-mortality-rate-(probability-of-dying-by-age-5-per-1000-live-births). Accessed 15 Jan 2024.

  • DHS Program. Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) Final Report. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/fr308/fr308.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2024.

  • Kuruvilla S, Bustreo F, Kuo T, et al. The Global strategy for women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health (2016–2030): a roadmap based on evidence and country experience. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(5):398.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Victora C, Requejo J, Boerma T, et al. Countdown to 2030 for reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health and nutrition. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4(11):e775–6.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchant T, Bhutta ZA, Black R, Grove J, Kyobutungi C, Peterson S. Advancing measurement and monitoring of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health and nutrition: global and country perspectives. BMJ Specialist J; 2019. p. e001512.

  • Victora CG, Requejo JH, Barros AJ, et al. Countdown to 2015: a decade of tracking progress for maternal, newborn, and child survival. Lancet. 2016;387(10032):2049–59.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Boerma T, Requejo J, Victora CG, et al. Countdown to 2030: tracking progress towards universal coverage for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health. Lancet. 2018;391(10129):1538–48.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Akseer N, Wright J, Tasic H, et al. Women, children and adolescents in conflict countries: an assessment of inequalities in intervention coverage and survival. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(1):e002214.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaya S, Uthman OA, Amouzou A, Ekholuenetale M, Bishwajit G. Inequalities in maternal health care utilization in Benin: a population based cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):1–9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Say L, Raine R. A systematic review of inequalities in the use of maternal health care in developing countries: examining the scale of the problem and the importance of context. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85(10):812–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler IT, Satterthwaite ML. Leaving no one behind? Persistent inequalities in the SDGs. Int J Human Rights. 2017;21(8):1073–97.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Boerma JT, Bryce J, Kinfu Y, Axelson H, Victora CG. Mind the gap: equity and trends in coverage of maternal, newborn, and child health services in 54 Countdown countries. Lancet (London, England). 2008;371(9620):1259–67.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Barros AJ, Victora CG. Measuring coverage in MNCH: determining and interpreting inequalities in coverage of maternal, newborn, and child health interventions. PLoS Med. 2013;10(5):e1001390.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • DHIS2. Cited 2025 Mar 3. In Action. Available from: https://dhis2.org/in-action/

  • Diaz T, Requejo J. Improving analysis and use of routine reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health facility data in low-and middle-income countries: a universal priority. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mboera LE, Ipuge Y, Kumalija CJ, et al. Midterm review of national health plans: an example from the United Republic of Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ. 2015;93:271–8.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Maina I, Wanjala P, Soti D, Kipruto H, Droti B, Boerma T. Using health-facility data to assess subnational coverage of maternal and child health indicators, Kenya. Bull World Health Organ. 2017;95(10):683.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Karuri J, Waiganjo P, Daniel O, Manya A. DHIS2: the tool to improve health data demand and use in Kenya. J Health Inform Dev Ctries. 2014;8(1)

  • McCollum R, Theobald S, Otiso L, et al. Priority setting for health in the context of devolution in Kenya: implications for health equity and community-based primary care. Health Policy Plan. 2018;33(6):729–42.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health WHO. Statistical Review of Progress Towards the Mid-term Targets of the Kenya Health Sector Strategic Plan 2014–2018. Ministry of Health of Kenya and World Health Organization Nairobi, Kenya; 2016.

  • Kenya Ministry of Health. (2023). Kenya Health Sector Strategic Plan Mid Term Review: Statistical Report. Nairobi: Ministry of Health. Available from: Accessed Jan 17, 2024.

  • Ministry of Health, Kenya. (2024). The Kenya Health Sector Strategic Plan. Available from: Accessed Jan 17, 2024.

  • Ahmed S, Li Q, Liu L, Tsui AO. Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: an analysis of 172 countries. The Lancet. 2012;380(9837):111–25.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauserman M, Thorsten VR, Nolen TL, et al. Maternal mortality in six low and lower-middle income countries from 2010 to 2018: risk factors and trends. Reprod Health. 2020;17(3):1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerber KJ, de Graft-Johnson JE, Bhutta ZA, Okong P, Starrs A, Lawn JE. Continuum of care for maternal, newborn, and child health: from slogan to service delivery. Lancet. 2007;370(9595):1358–69.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Statistics Division. (2023). SDG Indicator Metadata: Metadata-03–08–01. New York:United Nations. Available from: Accessed Jan 17, 2024.

  • World Health Organization. Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2021 Global monitoring report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. 95 pages. ISBN (WHO) 978–92–4–004061–8 (electronic version) ISBN (WHO) 978–92–4–004062–5 (print version).

  • Government of Kenya. County Integrated Development Plans. Nairobi: Government of Kenya; [cited 2025 Mar 3]. Available from: https://www.devolution.go.ke/county-integrated-development-plans/

  • Countdown 2008 Equity Analysis Group; Boerma JT, Bryce J, Kinfu Y, Axelson H, Victora CG. Mind the gap: equity and trends in coverage of maternal, newborn, and child health services in 54 Countdown countries. Lancet. 2008;371(9620):1259–67. PMID: 18406860.

  • Keats EC, Akseer N, Bhatti Z, et al. Assessment of inequalities in coverage of essential reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health interventions in Kenya. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(8):e185152. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5152.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Moturi AK SL, Mumo E, Snow RW, Okiro EA, Macharia PM. Geographic accessibility to public and private health facilities in Kenya in 2021: an updated geocoded inventory and spatial analysis Under Review.

  • Ministry of Health. Kenya Annual Health Sector Performance Report 2020–21. Kenya: Ministry of Health; 2021. Available from:http://library.health.go.ug/sites/default/files/resources/Annual%20Health%20Sector%20Performance%20Report%202020-21-1.pdf

  • World Health Organization. Data quality review: module 2: desk review of data quality. 2017. Accessed 30 Sep 2022.

  • Rue H, Martino S, Chopin N. Approximate Bayesian inference for latent Gaussian models by using integrated nested Laplace approximations. J R Stat So Series B. 2009;71(2):319–92.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernardinelli L, Clayton D, Pascutto C, Montomoli C, Ghislandi M, Songini M. Bayesian analysis of space-time variation in disease risk. Statistics in medicine. 1995;14(21?22):2433–2443.

  • Besag J, York J, Mollié A. Bayesian image restoration, with two applications in spatial statistics. Ann Inst Stat Math. 1991;43(1):1–20.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson AB, Biggeri A, Boehning D, et al. Disease mapping models: an empirical evaluation. Disease Mapping Collaborative Group. Statistics in medicine. 2000;19(17):2217–41.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Freni-Sterrantino A, Ventrucci M, Rue H. A note on intrinsic conditional autoregressive models for disconnected graphs. Spat Spatio-temporal Epidemiol. 2018;26:25–34.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiegelhalter DJ, Best NG, Carlin BP, Van Der Linde A. Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. J R Stat Soc Ser B. 2002;64(4):583–639.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyongesa C, Xu X, Hall JJ, Macharia WM, Yego F, Hall B. Factors influencing choice of skilled birth attendance at ANC: evidence from the Kenya demographic health survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):1–6.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ontiri S, Were V, Kabue M, Biesma-Blanco R, Stekelenburg J. Patterns and determinants of modern contraceptive discontinuation among women of reproductive age: Analysis of Kenya Demographic Health Surveys, 2003–2014. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241605.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray N, Okiro EA. Spatial access inequities and childhood immunization uptake in Kenya. 2020;

  • Joseph NK, Macharia PM, Ouma PO, et al. Spatial access inequities and childhood immunization uptake in Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1–12.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Health/Kenya, National AIDS Control Council/Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Population NCf, Development/Kenya. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014. 2015. http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR308/FR308.pdf

  • Kenya Health Information System. 2021. Accessed 30 Sep 2022.

  • Noor A, Alegana V, Yé Y, Arnold F. Defining remoteness in Kenya, Ghana and Madagascar for the evaluation of the phase 1 AMFm project. A report for Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria (AMFm), independent evaluation. Calverton, MD: ICF-Macro; 2012.

  • Ye Y, Arnold F, Noor A, et al. The Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria (AMFm): are remote areas benefiting from the intervention? Malar J. 2015;14(1):1–11.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. 2018 Global reference list of 100 core health indicators (plus health-related SDGs). 2018.

  • Wehrmeister FC, Barros AJ, Hosseinpoor AR, Boerma T, Victora CG. Measuring universal health coverage in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health: An update of the composite coverage index. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(4):e0232350.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • PMA Kenya. Results from Phase 2 cross-sectional survey. 2020. Accessed 30 Sep 2022.

  • Ochako R, Fotso J-C, Ikamari L, Khasakhala A. Utilization of maternal health services among young women in Kenya: insights from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, 2003. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011;11(1):1–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Keats EC, Akseer N, Bhatti Z, Macharia W, Ngugi A, Rizvi A, et al. Assessment of inequalities in coverage of essential reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health interventions in Kenya. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(8):e185152.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Muchemi OM, Gichogo AW, Mungai JG, Roka ZG. Trends in health facility-based maternal mortality in Central Region, Kenya: 2008–2012. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;29(23):259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabrysch S, Nesbitt RC, Schoeps A, et al. Does facility birth reduce maternal and perinatal mortality in Brong Ahafo, Ghana? A secondary analysis using data on 119 244 pregnancies from two cluster-randomized controlled trials. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(8):e1074–87.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson C, Cox J, Mbaruku G, et al. Maternal mortality and distance to facility-based obstetric care in rural southern Tanzania: a secondary analysis of cross-sectional census data in 226 000 households. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3(7):e387–95.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mo’men MM, El Gelany S, Eladwy AR, et al. A ten year analysis of maternal deaths in a tertiary hospital using the three delays model. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2020;20(1):1–8.

  • World Health Organization. Mother-baby package: implementing safe motherhood in countries. 2000; Accessed 30 Sep 2022.

  • Thaddeus S, Maine D. Too far to walk: Maternal mortality in context. Soc Sci Med. 1994;38(8):1091–110.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey P, Lobis S, Maine D, Fortney JA. Monitoring emergency obstetric care: a handbook. World Health Organization; 2009. Accesed Sep 30 2022.

  • Ministry of Health. Kenya Harmonized Health Facility assessment. 2019. Accesed Sep 30 2022.

  • Apanga PA, Adam MA. Factors influencing the uptake of family planning services in the Talensi District, Ghana. Pan African Medical Journal. 2015;20(1)

  • Sileo KM, Wanyenze RK, Lule H, Kiene SM. Determinants of family planning service uptake and use of contraceptives among postpartum women in rural Uganda. Int J Public Health. 2015;60(8):987–97.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Atinga R, Baku A, Adongo P. Drivers of prenatal care quality and uptake of supervised delivery services in ghana. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2014;4(3):264–71.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Simkhada B, Teijlingen ERv, Porter M, Simkhada P. Factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care in developing countries: systematic review of the literature. Adv Nurs. 2008;61(3):244-260.

  • Gitimu A, Herr C, Oruko H, et al. Determinants of use of skilled birth attendant at delivery in Makueni, Kenya: a cross sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15(1):1–7.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • King R, Jackson R, Dietsch E, Hailemariam A. Barriers and facilitators to accessing skilled birth attendants in Afar region. Ethiopia Midwifery. 2015;31(5):540–6.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan S, Zaheer S, Safdar NF. Determinants of stunting, underweight and wasting among children< 5 years of age: evidence from 2012–2013 Pakistan demographic and health survey. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1–15.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vikram K, Vanneman R, Desai S. Linkages between maternal education and childhood immunization in India. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(2):331–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • link

    Exit mobile version